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What Is a Baby Narwhal Called What Is a Male Beluga Whale Called

Written By Thursday, March 10, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Medium-sized toothed whale that lives yr-round in the Arctic

Narwhal[1]

Temporal range: Quaternary-recent[ii] [iii]

Нарвал в российской Арктике.jpg
Diagram showing a narwhal and scuba diver from the side: the body of the whale is about three times longer than a human.
Size compared to an average man

Conservation status


Least Concern (IUCN three.1)[4]

CITES Appendix II (CITES)[v]

Scientific nomenclature edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Infraorder: Cetacea
Family: Monodontidae
Genus: Monodon
Linnaeus, 1758
Species:

M. monoceros

Binomial name
Monodon monoceros

Linnaeus, 1758
Narwhal distribution map.png
The frequent (solid) and rare (striped) occurrence of narwhal populations

The narwhal, also known as a narwhale (Monodon monoceros), is a medium-sized toothed whale that possesses a large "tusk" from a protruding canine tooth. Information technology lives year-round in the Arctic waters effectually Greenland, Canada and Russia. It is 1 of ii living species of whale in the family Monodontidae, forth with the beluga whale. The narwhal males are distinguished by a long, straight, helical tusk, which is an elongated upper left canine. The narwhal was i of many species described by Carl Linnaeus in his publication Systema Naturae in 1758.

Similar the beluga, narwhals are medium-sized whales. For both sexes, excluding the male person's tusk, the total body size tin can range from iii.95 to five.v chiliad (thirteen to 18 ft); the males are slightly larger than the females. The average weight of an adult narwhal is 800 to 1,600 kg (i,760 to 3,530 lb). At around eleven to 13 years old, the males become sexually mature; females get sexually mature at nigh 5 to 8 years old. Narwhals do not accept a dorsal fin and their neck vertebrae are jointed similar those of most other mammals, not fused as in dolphins and most whales.

Found primarily in Canadian Chill and Greenlandic and Russian waters, the narwhal is a uniquely specialised Arctic predator. In winter, it feeds on benthic casualty, mostly flatfish, under dense pack water ice. During the summertime, narwhals eat more often than not Arctic cod and Greenland halibut, with other fish such every bit polar cod making up the remainder of their diet.[6] Each twelvemonth, they migrate from bays into the ocean equally summer comes. In the wintertime, the male narwhals occasionally dive up to one,500 one thousand (four,920 ft) in depth, with dives lasting up to 25 minutes. Narwhals, like virtually toothed whales, communicate with "clicks", "whistles" and "knocks".

Narwhals can live up to fifty years and are ofttimes killed by suffocation after being trapped due to the formation of ocean water ice. Other causes of expiry, specifically amidst young whales, are starvation and predation by orcas. As previous estimates of the globe narwhal population were below l,000, narwhals are categorised by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as "nearly threatened". More than contempo estimates listing higher populations (upwards of 170,000), thus lowering the status to "to the lowest degree concern".[4] Narwhals have been harvested for hundreds of years by Inuit people in northern Canada and Greenland for meat and ivory and a regulated subsistence hunt continues.

Taxonomy and etymology

Illustration of a narwhal (lower epitome) and a beluga (upper image), its closest related species

The narwhal was one of many species originally described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae.[7] Its name is derived from the Onetime Norse give-and-take nár, pregnant "corpse", in reference to the fauna's greyish, mottled pigmentation, like that of a drowned sailor[eight] and its summertime habit of lying nonetheless at or near the surface of the sea (called "logging").[nine] The scientific name, Monodon monoceros, is derived from Greek: "1-tooth one-horn".[8]

The narwhal is most closely related to the beluga whale. Together, these two species contain the simply extant members of the family Monodontidae, sometimes referred to as the "white whales". The Monodontidae are distinguished by their medium size (at around four m (13.one ft) in length), pronounced melons (circular sensory organs), short snouts and the absenteeism of a truthful dorsal fin.[10]

Although the narwhal and the beluga are classified as separate genera, with one species each, in that location is some testify that they may, very rarely, interbreed. The complete skull of an anomalous whale was discovered in West Greenland circa 1990. It was described past marine zoologists every bit unlike any known species, merely with features midway between a narwhal and a beluga, consistent with the hypothesis that the anomalous whale was a narwhal-beluga hybrid;[eleven] in 2019, this was confirmed by Deoxyribonucleic acid and isotopic analysis.[12]

The white whales, dolphins (Delphinidae) and porpoises (Phocoenidae) together comprise the superfamily Delphinoidea, which are of probable monophyletic origin. Genetic bear witness suggests the porpoises are more closely related to the white whales and that these 2 families constitute a separate clade which diverged from the rest of Delphinoidea within the past 11 million years.[thirteen] Fossil testify shows that ancient white whales lived in tropical waters. They may have migrated to Chill and sub-Arctic waters in response to changes in the marine food chain during the Pliocene.[xiv]

Description

Narwhals are medium-sized whales and are around the same size as beluga whales. Total length in both sexes, excluding the tusk of the male person, can range from 3.95 to 5.5 thousand (thirteen to 18 ft).[xv] Males, at an average length of iv.i m (xiii.5 ft), are slightly larger than females, with an average length of 3.5 m (11.five ft). Typical adult body weight ranges from 800 to i,600 kg (ane,760 to three,530 lb).[15] Male person narwhals attain sexual maturity at xi to 13 years of age, when they are about 3.9 m (12.eight ft) long. Females become sexually mature at a younger historic period, between 5 and eight years one-time, when they are around 3.iv 1000 (eleven.2 ft) long.[15]

The pigmentation of narwhals is a mottled pattern, with blackish-brown markings over a white background. They are darkest when born and go whiter with historic period; white patches develop on the umbilicus and genital slit at sexual maturity. Former males may be almost pure white.[viii] [15] [xvi] Narwhals do not take a dorsal fin, possibly an evolutionary adaptation to swimming easily under ice, to facilitate rolling, or to reduce surface area and heat loss. Instead narwhals possess a shallower dorsal ridge.[17] Their neck vertebrae are jointed, like those of land mammals, instead of existence fused together as in well-nigh whales, allowing a great range of neck flexibility. Both these characteristics are shared by the fellow beluga whale.[9] The tail flukes of female narwhals have front edges that are swept dorsum and those of males accept front edges that are more concave and lack a sweep-dorsum. This is idea to be an accommodation for reducing elevate caused by the tusk.[eighteen]

Tusk

This narwhal skull has rare double tusks. Commonly, the canine molar only on the left side of the upper jaw becomes a tusk. Rarely, males develop two tusks. This specimen, however, was of a female (Zoologisches Museum, Hamburg; collected in 1684)

The most conspicuous characteristic of the male person narwhal is a single long tusk, which is in fact a canine tooth[xix] [20] that projects from the left side of the upper jaw, through the lip and forms a left-handed helical spiral. The tusk grows throughout life, reaching a length of about 1.5 to 3.1 m (four.9 to 10.2 ft). It is hollow and weighs effectually 10 kg (22 lb). About one in 500 males has two tusks, occurring when the right canine also grows out through the lip. Only about xv percent of females grow a tusk,[21] which typically is smaller than a male tusk, with a less noticeable screw.[22] [23] [24] Collected in 1684, there is but 1 known case of a female growing a second tusk (prototype).[25]

Scientists have long speculated on the biological function of the tusk. Proposed functions include use of the tusk as a weapon, for opening breathing holes in sea ice, in feeding, as an acoustic organ and as a secondary sex graphic symbol. The leading theory has long been that the narwhal tusk serves every bit a secondary sex activity character of males, for irenic assessment of hierarchical status on the footing of relative tusk size.[26] However, detailed assay reveals that the tusk is a highly innervated sensory organ with millions of nerve endings connecting seawater stimuli in the external ocean surround with the encephalon.[27] [28] [29] [30] The rubbing of tusks together past male person narwhals is thought to be a method of communicating information nigh characteristics of the water each has travelled through, rather than the previously assumed posturing brandish of ambitious male-to-male rivalry.[29] In August 2016, drone videos of narwhals surface-feeding in Tremblay Audio, Nunavut showed that the tusk was used to tap and stun small-scale Arctic cod, making them easier to catch for feeding.[31] [32] The tusk cannot serve a critical office for the animal's survival, as females — which generally do not have tusks — typically live longer than males. Therefore, the full general scientific consensus is that the narwhal tusk is a sexual trait, much similar the antlers of a stag, the mane of a lion, or the feathers of a peacock.[33]

Vestigial teeth

The tusks are surrounded posteriorly, ventrally and laterally by several small vestigial teeth which vary in morphology and histology.[19] These teeth can sometimes be extruded from the os, but mainly reside inside open tooth sockets in the narwhal's snout alongside the tusks.[19] [34] The varied morphology and anatomy of small teeth point a path of evolutionary obsolescence,[19] leaving the narwhal'due south mouth toothless.[34]

Genome

A 2.3 GB genome sequence has been assembled from multiple Illumina libraries. The genome consists of 37.9% repetitive elements and encodes 21,785 protein-coding genes (like to many other mammals). The genome volition assist to place the narwhal both into the evolutionary context of other whales only also will help to understand the development and embryonic development of features such as the striking tusk and its sexual dimorphism.[35]

Distribution

The narwhal is found predominantly in the Atlantic and Russian areas of the Arctic Ocean. Individuals are usually recorded in the Canadian Chill Archipelago,[31] such as in the northern function of Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, Baffin Bay; off the east coast of Greenland; and in a strip running eastward from the northern stop of Greenland round to eastern Russia (170° East). Land in this strip includes Svalbard, Franz Joseph Land and Severnaya Zemlya.[8] The northernmost sightings of narwhal accept occurred north of Franz Joseph Land, at about 85° N latitude.[eight] Most of the globe's narwhals are concentrated in the fjords and inlets of Northern Canada and western Greenland.

Behaviour

Narwhals usually besiege in groups of about five to x and sometimes up to xx individuals outside the summer. Groups may be "nurseries" with only females and young, or tin can incorporate only post-dispersal juveniles or adult males ("bulls"), only mixed groups tin can occur at any time of year.[xv] In the summer, several groups come together, forming larger aggregations which tin contain from 500 to over k individuals.[xv]

At times, a bull narwhal may rub its tusk with some other bull, a display known as "tusking"[28] [36] and idea to maintain social dominance hierarchies.[36] Withal, this behaviour may exhibit tusk use as a sensory and communication organ for sharing data most water chemistry sensed in tusk microchannels.[27] [28]

Migration

Narwhals exhibit seasonal migrations, with a high fidelity of render to preferred, ice-costless summering grounds, unremarkably in shallow waters. In summer months, they move closer to coasts, often in pods of 10–100. In the wintertime, they move to offshore, deeper waters under thick pack water ice, surfacing in narrow fissures in the bounding main water ice, or leads.[37] Equally bound comes, these leads open upwardly into channels and the narwhals return to the littoral bays.[38] Narwhals from Canada and West Greenland wintertime regularly in the pack ice of Davis Strait and Baffin Bay along the continental slope with less than five% open h2o and loftier densities of Greenland halibut.[39] Feeding in the winter accounts for a much larger portion of narwhal energy intake than in the summertime.[39] [37]

Diet

Narwhals have a relatively restricted and specialized diet. Their prey is predominantly composed of Greenland halibut, polar and Chill cod, cuttlefish, shrimp and armhook squid. Boosted items plant in stomachs have included wolffish, capelin, skate eggs and sometimes rocks, accidentally ingested when whales feed nearly the bottom.[15] [39] [37] [36] Due to the lack of well-developed dentition in the mouth, narwhals are believed to feed by swimming towards prey until it is within shut range and then sucking it with considerable force into the mouth. It is thought that the beaked whales, which take similarly reduced dentition, also suck up their prey.[forty] The distinctive tusk is used to tap and stun small prey, facilitating a catch.[31] [32]

Narwhals have a very intense summertime feeding society. I study published in the Canadian Journal of Zoology tested 73 narwhals of unlike age and gender to see what they ate. The individuals were from the Pond Inlet and had their stomach contents tested from June 1978 until September 1979. The study found in 1978 that the Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) made upward about 51% of the diet of the narwhals, with the next most mutual animal being the Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides), consisting of 37% of the weight of their diet. A twelvemonth later, the percentages of both animals in the diet of narwhals had changed. Chill cod represented 57% and Greenland halibut 29% in 1979. The deep-water fish – halibut, redfish (Sebastes marinus) and polar cod (Arctogadus glacialis) – were establish primarily in the nutrition of the males, which means that the narwhals can dive deeper than 500 m (1,640 ft) beneath ocean level. The study plant that the dietary needs of the narwhal did not differ among genders or ages.[41]

Diving

Upside-down swimming behaviour of narwhals

Photo of the tail fluke of a narwhal

Narwhal tail fluke

When in their wintering waters, narwhals make some of the deepest dives recorded for a marine mammal, diving to at least 800 metres (2,620 feet) over 15 times per day, with many dives reaching 1,500 metres (4,920 feet). Dives to these depths last around 25 minutes, including the time spent at the bottom and the transit downwardly and dorsum from the surface.[42] Swoop times can also vary in time and depth, based on local variation between environments, as well every bit seasonality. For example, in the Baffin Bay wintering grounds, narwhals farther due south appear to exist spending most of their fourth dimension diving to deeper depths along the steep slopes of Baffin Bay, suggesting differences in habitat structure, casualty availability, or innate adaptations between subpopulations.[42] Curiously, whales in the deeper northern wintering ground have access to deeper depths, yet make shallower dives. Because vertical distribution of narwhal prey in the h2o column influences feeding behaviour and dive tactics, regional differences in the spatial and temporal patterns of prey density, as well as differences in prey aggregation, may exist shaping winter foraging behaviour of narwhals.

Advice

As nearly toothed whales, narwhals utilise sound to navigate and hunt for food. Narwhals primarily vocalise through "clicks", "whistles" and "knocks", created by air motility between chambers nigh the blow-hole. These sounds are reflected off the sloping front end of the skull and focused by the animate being's melon, which tin exist controlled by musculature. Echolocation clicks are primarily produced for prey detection and for locating obstacles at curt distances. It is possible that individual "bangs" are capable of disorienting or incapacitating prey, making them easier to hunt, but this has not been verified. They too emit tonal signals, such every bit whistles and pulsed calls, that are believed to have a communication function.[43] The calls recorded from the aforementioned herd are more than similar than calls from different herds, suggesting the possibility of group or individual-specific calls in narwhals. Narwhals may also adjust the elapsing and the pitch of their pulsed calls to maximise sound propagation in varying acoustic environments [44] Other sounds produced by narwhals include trumpeting and squeaking door sounds.[9] The narwhal song repertoire is similar to that of the closely related beluga, with comparable whistle frequency ranges, whistle duration and repetition rates of pulse calls, however beluga whistles may have a higher frequency range and more diversified whistle contours.[43]

Breeding and early life

Females get-go bearing calves when six to viii years former.[9] Adult narwhals mate in April or May when they are in the offshore pack ice. Gestation lasts for 14 months and calves are born betwixt June and Baronial the following year. As with most marine mammals, but a single young is born, averaging 1.6 metres (5.2 feet) in length and white or light grey in colour.[9] [45] During summer population counts along different coastal inlets of Baffin Island, calf numbers varied from 0.05% to 5% of the total numbering from 10,000 to 35,000 narwhals, indicating that higher calf counts may reverberate calving and nursery habitats in favourable inlets.[45] Hybrids have been documented between the narwhal and beluga (specifically a beluga male and a narwhal female), as i, peradventure even as many as three, were killed and harvested during a sustenance chase. Whether or non these hybrids could breed remains unknown. The unusual dentition seen in the single remaining skull indicates the hybrid hunted on the seabed, much every bit walruses practice, indicating feeding habits dissimilar from those of either parent species.[46] [47]

Newborn calves begin their lives with a sparse layer of blubber which thickens every bit they nurse their mother'due south milk which is rich in fat. Calves are dependent on milk for around xx months.[nine] This long lactation menstruum gives calves time to learn skills needed for survival during maturation when they stay within two body lengths of the mother.[9] [45]

Lifespan and mortality

Narwhals tin live an average of 50 years, however inquiry using aspartic acid racemization from the lens of the eyes suggests that narwhals tin alive to be equally one-time as 115 ± 10 years and 84 ± ix years for females and males, respectively [48] Mortality oft occurs when the narwhals suffocate subsequently they fail to leave before the surface of the Arctic waters freeze over in the late autumn.[15] [49] As narwhals need to breathe, they drown if open h2o is no longer accessible and the ice is as well thick for them to suspension through. Maximum aerobic swimming distance betwixt animate holes in ice is less than 1,450 m (four,760 ft) which limits the apply of foraging grounds and these holes must be at least 0.5 k (1.6 ft) wide to let an adult whale to breathe.[50] The last major entrapment events occurred when there was little to no wind. Entrapment can affect as many as 600 individuals, most occurring in narwhal wintering areas such as Disko Bay. In the largest entrapment in 1915 in West Greenland, over i,000 narwhals were trapped under the water ice.[51]

Despite the decreases in ocean ice cover, there were several big cases of sea water ice entrapment in 2008–2010 in the winter close to known summering grounds, two of which were locations where there had been no previous cases documented.[49] This suggests later departure dates from summering grounds. Sites surrounding Greenland feel advection (moving) of ocean water ice from surrounding regions by current of air and currents, increasing the variability of ocean water ice concentration. Due to stiff site fidelity, changes in weather condition and ice conditions are not always associated with narwhal movement toward open up h2o. More than information is needed to determine the vulnerability of narwhals to sea water ice changes. Narwhals tin also dice of starvation.[15]

Predation and hunting

Major predators are polar bears, which assail at breathing holes mainly for immature narwhals and Greenland sharks.[15] [52] Killer whales (orcas) group together to overwhelm narwhal pods in the shallow water of enclosed bays,[53] once killing dozens of narwhals in a single attack.[54] To escape predators such as orcas, narwhals may utilize prolonged submergence to hide under water ice floes rather than relying on speed.[50]

Beluga and narwhal catches

Humans chase narwhals, often selling commercially the skin, carved vertebrae, teeth and tusk, while eating the meat, or feeding it to dogs. About ane,000 narwhals per twelvemonth are killed, 600 in Canada and 400 in Greenland. Canadian harvests were steady at this level in the 1970s, dropped to 300–400 per year in the tardily 1980s and 1990s and rose again since 1999. Greenland harvested more, 700–900 per year, in the 1980s and 1990s.[55]

Tusks are sold with or without carving in Canada[56] [57] and Greenland.[58] An average of one or two vertebrae and i or two teeth per narwhal are carved and sold.[56] In Greenland the skin (muktuk) is sold commercially to fish factories,[58] and in Canada to other communities.[56] One approximate of the annual gross value received from narwhal hunts in Hudson Bay in 2013 was CA$530,000 for 81 narwhals, or CA$six,500 per narwhal. All the same the cyberspace income, after subtracting costs in fourth dimension and equipment, was a loss of CA$7 per person. Hunts receive subsidies, merely they proceed as a tradition, rather than for the money and the economic analysis noted that whale watching may be an alternating acquirement source. Of the gross income, CA$370,000 was for skin and meat, to replace beef, pork and chickens which would otherwise be bought, CA$150,000 was received for tusks and carved vertebrae and teeth of males and CA$10,000 was received for carved vertebrae and teeth of females.[56]

Conservation issues

Narwhals are one of many mammals that are being threatened past human actions.[59] Estimates of the world population of narwhals range from around 50,000 (from 1996)[38] to around 170,000 (compilation of various sub-population estimates from the years 2000–2017).[4] They are considered to be near threatened and several sub-populations have evidence of reject. In an effort to support conservation, the European Union established an import ban on tusks in 2004 and lifted it in 2010. The United states has forbidden imports since 1972 nether the Marine Mammal Protection Act.[59] Narwhals are difficult to keep in captivity.[28]

Male narwhal captured and satellite tagged

Inuit people chase this whale species legally, as discussed above in Predation and hunting. Narwhals have been extensively hunted the same fashion as other sea mammals, such as seals and whales, for their big quantities of fatty. About all parts of the narwhal, meat, skin, blubber and organs are consumed. Muktuk, the name for raw peel and blubber, is considered a delicacy. One or two vertebrae per animal are used for tools and art.[56] [8] The skin is an of import source of vitamin C which is otherwise difficult to obtain. In some places in Greenland, such every bit Qaanaaq, traditional hunting methods are used and whales are harpooned from handmade kayaks. In other parts of Greenland and Northern Canada, loftier-speed boats and hunting rifles are used.[8]

During growth, the narwhal accumulates metals in its internal organs. Ane study found that many metals are depression in concentration in the blab of narwhals and loftier in the liver and the kidney. Zinc and cadmium are found in college densities in the kidney than the liver and pb, copper and mercury were found to be the opposite. Certain metals were correlated with size and sexual practice. During growth, it was found that mercury accumulated in the liver, kidney, musculus and blubber and that cadmium settled in the blubber.[60]

Narwhals are one of the most vulnerable Chill marine mammals to climate change[38] [61] due to altering sea water ice coverage in their environment, especially in their northern wintering grounds such as the Baffin Bay and Davis Strait regions. Satellite data collected from these areas shows the amount of bounding main ice has been markedly reduced.[62] Narwhals' ranges for foraging are believed to be patterns developed early in their life which increase their ability to gain necessary food resource during winter. This strategy focuses on potent site fidelity rather than individual level responses to local prey distribution and this results in focal foraging areas during the winter. As such, despite changing conditions, narwhals volition continue returning to the aforementioned areas during migration.[62] Despite its vulnerability to body of water ice change, the narwhal has some flexibility when information technology comes to bounding main water ice and habitat selection. It evolved in the belatedly Pliocene and so is moderately accustomed to periods of glaciation and ecology variability.[63]

An indirect danger for narwhals associated with changes in sea ice is the increased exposure in open up water. In 2002 in that location was an increase in narwhal catches past hunters in Siorapaluk that did not appear to be associated with increased endeavour,[64] implying that climate change may be making the narwhal more than vulnerable to harvesting. Scientists urge cess of population numbers with the consignment of sustainable quotas for stocks and the collaboration of management agreements to ensure local acceptance. Seismic surveys associated with oil exploration have also disrupted normal migration patterns which may too exist associated with increased sea ice entrapment.[65]

Cultural depictions

In legend

The caput of an Inuit lance made from a narwhal tusk with a meteorite iron bract (British Museum)

In Inuit legend, the narwhal'due south tusk was created when a woman with a harpoon rope tied around her waist was dragged into the ocean afterward the harpoon had struck a big narwhal. She was transformed into a narwhal and her hair, which she was wearing in a twisted knot, became the characteristic screw narwhal tusk.[66]

Some medieval Europeans believed narwhal tusks to be the horns from the legendary unicorn.[67] [68] Equally these horns were considered to have magic powers, such equally neutralising poison and curing melancholia, Vikings and other northern traders were able to sell them for many times their weight in gilt.[69] The tusks were used to make cups that were thought to negate any poisonous substance that may take been slipped into the drink. A narwhal tusk exhibited at Warwick Castle is according to legend the rib of the mythical Dun Moo-cow.[70] In 1555, Olaus Magnus published a cartoon of a fish-like creature with a horn on its forehead, correctly identifying information technology as a "Narwal".[67] During the 16th century, Queen Elizabeth I received a narwhal tusk worth 10,000 pounds sterling—the 16th-century equivalent cost of a castle (approximately £ane.5–2.5 meg in 2007, using the retail price alphabetize[69])–from Sir Humphrey Gilbert, who proposed that the tusk was from a "sea-unicorne". The tusks were staples of the cabinet of curiosities.[67] European cognition of the tusk'south origin developed gradually during the Age of Exploration, equally explorers and naturalists began to visit Chill regions themselves.

In literature and art

The narwhal was one of 2 possible explanations of the giant sea phenomenon written by Jules Verne in his 1870 novel 20 K Leagues Under the Ocean. Verne thought that information technology would be unlikely that at that place was such a gigantic narwhal in existence. The size of the narwhal, or "unicorn of the body of water", equally establish by Verne, would have been 18.3 one thousand (lx ft). For the narwhal to take caused the phenomenon, Verne stated that its size and strength would have to increase past v or x times.[71]

Herman Melville wrote a section on the narwhal (written as "narwhale") in his 1851 novel Moby-Dick, in which he claims a narwhal tusk hung for "a long period" in Windsor Castle after Sir Martin Frobisher had given it to Queen Elizabeth. Some other claim he fabricated was that the Danish kings fabricated their thrones from narwhal tusks.[72]

Gallery

  • Pod Monodon monoceros.jpg

  • A pod off Greenland

See also

  • List of cetaceans

References

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  2. ^ "East. T. Newton. 1891. The vertebrata of the Pliocene deposits of Britain. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland". Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Slap-up Great britain. 1891.
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  5. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org . Retrieved 14 January 2022.
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  8. ^ a b c d east f yard Heide-Jørgensen, Yard. P. & Laidre, One thousand. 50. (2006). Greenland's Winter Whales: The beluga, the narwhal and the bowhead whale. Ilinniusiorfik Undervisningsmiddelforlag, Nuuk, Greenland. ISBN978-87-7975-299-3.
  9. ^ a b c d e f 1000 "The Narwhal: Unicorn of the Seas" (PDF). Fisheries and Oceans Canada. 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
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Further reading

  • Ford, John; Ford, Deborah (March 1986). "Narwhal: Unicorn of the Arctic Seas". National Geographic. Vol. 169, no. iii. pp. 354–363. ISSN 0027-9358. OCLC 643483454.
  • M. P. Heide-Jorgensen. "Narwhal", in Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, Perrin, Wursig and Thewissen eds. ISBN 0-12-551340-2
  • Groc, Isabelle. "Chase for the sea unicorn", New Scientist feature article, Issue 2956, xv February 2014 [ane]

External links

  • Flower, W.H. (1911). "Narwhal". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). p. 243.
  • Biological science and ecology of narwhals, NOAA
  • Narwhal Discoveries
  • Voices in the Sea – Sounds of the Narwhal

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narwhal

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